Accounting Red Flags Are Common Among Public Crypto Companies
Weak controls and related-party transactions appear in disclosures across industry
Weak controls and related-party transactions appear in disclosures across industry
Investors bemoan the lack of disclosure in the crypto industry. But many crypto companies disclose a lot of information, and some of it is worrisome, a review of financial statements shows.
The blowups of FTX and Celsius Network LLC exposed hidden risks that might have raised red flags for investors, including related-party transactions, commingled customer funds, sketchy record-keeping and questionable accounting. Some of these problems often appear in disclosures by public crypto companies, including weak systems used to keep numbers accurate.
A look at 19 of the publicly traded crypto miners showed that 16 disclosed significant internal-control weaknesses in the past four years, some of which were “alarming,” according to Bedrock AI, which makes software that analyses financial filings. Crypto miners build powerful networks of computers that process transactions and are rewarded in newly generated currency.
The bitcoin miner Riot Blockchain Inc. filed an annual report in March that identified four material weaknesses in internal controls. One of those weaknesses raised questions about how the company determines its revenue, one of the simplest and most important numbers in accounting.
On the day before Thanksgiving, the company filed its second amended version of the March report to say that auditors didn’t assess internal controls on a third of the company’s revenue and assets. They hadn’t analysed two of Riot’s significant acquisitions from 2021, the company said.
A spokeswoman for Riot said the filing was amended because the notice that the subsidiaries had been excluded from the assessment was inadvertently left out of the company’s disclosures.
“Crypto auditing and accounting is very much still a work in progress,” saidSean Stein Smith, an accounting professor at Lehman College, City University of New York.
Checks on internal controls are important parts of an audit because they give accountants confidence that the numbers they are looking at are valid. Weak internal controls can lead to restatements of financial reports.
Another large bitcoin miner, Marathon Digital Holdings Inc., disclosed problems with internal controls tied to revenue and its assets. It added that it hadn’t effectively designed a control to detect significant misstatements in revenue.
The company said it would work to remedy the problem by adding staff in financial and information-technology roles. The company, with a stock-market value of about $700 million, has in the past two years grown to 26 full-time employees from three, Marathon said.
Marathon has also made investments in related parties. In September, the company invested $30 million in a private company called Auradine Inc., whose business isn’t described in Marathon’s filings. Marathon’s chief executive officer, Fred Thiel, serves on Auradine’s board, and another Marathon board member is a 10% shareholder of Auradine, according to Marathon’s disclosures.
A Marathon spokesman said Auradine is an early-stage company that is a strategic investment for Marathon.
Basic accounting and operational controls can take a back seat to growth at crypto companies, as the Celsius implosion indicated. The bankrupt lender failed to ensure that customer funds in certain deposit accounts were set aside from the rest of its crypto holdings, an independent examiner appointed in the company’s chapter 11 case found.
“Due to time pressure and lack of engineering resources, Celsius chose [instead of controls] to rely on manual reconciliations and transfers of crypto assets…for the custody program,” the examiner wrote in November.
Celsius didn’t respond to a request for comment.
The lack of standardised accounting rules for cryptocurrencies can mean that even audited financial statements might fail to convey the true state of a company’s finances. Crypto doesn’t fit neatly into the definitions used to categorise assets. It lacks the government or commodity backing needed to be treated as cash, it is too volatile to be a cash equivalent, and it isn’t necessarily a financial instrument or security either, said Vivian Fang, an accounting professor at the University of Minnesota.
Regulators and accounting rule makers are working to fill the void in crypto accounting standards. The Financial Accounting Standards Board, the U.S. standards setter, aims to issue proposed rules next year.
Most companies holding cryptocurrencies have been treating them as indefinite-lived intangible assets, similar to intellectual property such as trademarks. But accounting rules allow such assets to be valued upward only when they are sold, meaning a company’s reported balance sheet might not reflect the current value of its holdings. FASB has signalled that companies should hold bitcoin and many other crypto assets at fair value.
There are also questions over whether exchanges should have to include customer deposits as assets and corresponding liabilities. The Securities and Exchange Commission in March issued accounting guidance saying they should do so.
The wild price moves of bitcoin can create odd results for miners that hold big slugs of the cryptocurrency.
Riot Blockchain said in disclosures that it has booked $126 million in revenue from bitcoin mining through September. That was more than offset by $132 million in impairment charges related to bitcoin’s declining price.
The full impact of these big price moves can sometimes only be seen in the footnotes to financial statements. In early November, Marathon said, it held approximately 11,440 bitcoin. Mr. Thiel, the CEO, citing third-party data, has described the holding as the second-largest among publicly traded companies.
In the footnotes, Marathon also said that roughly 83% of that bitcoin amount was pledged as collateral on around $100 million in loans.
On the company’s earnings call Nov. 8, Marathon’s chief financial officer said the company didn’t expect significant additional collateral requirements for the borrowing. The next day, cryptocurrencies’ volatility struck again. FTX’s collapse drove down bitcoin’s price, and Marathon was called on to post more bitcoin holdings as additional collateral, the company disclosed.
Marathon said Tuesday that it has since paid down its loan balance to around $80 million, reducing currently pledged bitcoin to roughly 65% of Marathon’s holdings.
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For self-employed Australians, navigating the mortgage market can be complex—especially when income documentation doesn’t fit the standard mould. In this guide, Stephen Andrianakos, Director of Red Door Financial Group, outlines eight flexible loan structures designed to support business owners, freelancers, and entrepreneurs.
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A full-doc loan is the most straightforward and competitive option for self-employed borrowers with up-to-date tax returns and financials. Lenders assess two years of tax returns, assessment notices, and business financials. This type of loan offers high borrowing capacity, access to features like offset accounts and redraw facilities, and fixed and variable rate choices.
2. Low-Doc Loan
Low-doc loans are designed for borrowers who can’t provide the usual financial documentation, such as those in start-up mode or recently expanded businesses. Instead of full tax returns, lenders accept alternatives like profit and loss statements or accountant’s declarations. While rates may be slightly higher, these loans make finance accessible where banks might otherwise decline.
3. Standard Variable Rate Loan
A standard variable loan moves with the market and offers flexibility in repayments, extra contributions, and redraw options. It’s ideal for borrowers who want to manage repayments actively or pay off their loans faster when income permits. With access to over 40 lenders, brokers can help match borrowers with a variable product suited to their financial strategy.
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A split loan combines fixed and variable portions, giving borrowers the security of a fixed rate on part of the loan and the flexibility of a variable rate on the other. This structure benefits self-employed clients with irregular income, allowing them to lock in part of their repayment while keeping some funds accessible.
6. Construction Loan
Construction loans release funds in stages aligned with the building process, from the initial slab to completion. These loans suit clients building a new home or undertaking major renovations. Most lenders offer interest-only repayments during construction, switching to principal-and-interest after the build. Managing timelines and approvals is key to a smooth experience.
7. Interest-Only Loan
Interest-only loans allow borrowers to pay just the interest portion of the loan for a set period, preserving cash flow. This structure is often used during growth phases in business or for investment purposes. After the interest-only period, the loan typically converts to principal-and-interest repayments.
8. Offset Home Loan
An offset home loan links your savings account to your mortgage, reducing the interest charged on the loan. For self-employed borrowers with fluctuating income, it’s a valuable tool for managing cash flow while still reducing interest and accelerating loan repayment. The funds remain accessible, offering both flexibility and efficiency.
Red Door Financial Group is a Melbourne-based brokerage firm that offers personalised financial solutions for residential, commercial, and business lending.
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For self-employed Australians, navigating the mortgage market can be complex—especially when income documentation doesn’t fit the standard mould. In this guide, Stephen Andrianakos, Director of Red Door Financial Group, outlines eight flexible loan structures designed to support business owners, freelancers, and entrepreneurs. 1. Full-Doc LoanA full-doc loan is the most straightforward and competitive option for …
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