Germany Enters Recession in Blow to Europe’s Economy

Germany slipped into recession during the first three months of the year, as households cut spending in response to sharply higher prices for energy and food.

With Europe’s largest economy now having shrunk for two quarters in a row, meeting the technical definition of a recession, the eurozone as a whole may also have also contracted in the first quarter.

The development doesn’t fundamentally alter economists’ views about the country’s immediate prospects, and any decline in output in the broader region is likely to have been modest.

Still, a recession in the eurozone would deflate some of the optimism that has built up around the currency area’s economic prospects in recent months. It could also inspire greater caution among policy makers at the European Central Bank as they prepare to raise interest rates further.

“A technical recession would be a change in the overall narrative on how resilient the eurozone economy has been over recent quarters,” said Bert Colijn, an economist at ING.

Germany’s statistics agency said Thursday that gross domestic product—a broad measure of the goods and services produced by an economy—was 0.3% lower in the three months through March than in the final quarter of last year. It had previously estimated that the economy flatlined in the first quarter, having contracted by 0.5% in the final quarter of last year.

The agency said a 1.2% fall in household consumption was the main reason for the contraction, as households saw their spending power eroded by a surge in food prices. In March, German households were paying 21.2% more for their food purchases than a year earlier.

In the months immediately following the invasion of Ukraine, economists had warned that Germany faced a high risk of sliding into recession, given its reliance on Russian supplies of natural gas. But economic data releases at the turn of the year appeared to indicate that Germany would avoid that fate.

The revised figures for the first quarter confirmed that the world’s fourth-largest economy had succumbed to recession, but one less severe than feared when the Kremlin cut gas supplies in summer 2022.

Business surveys have pointed to a return to growth in Germany during the second quarter. But the impact of higher borrowing costs and a weak expansion in many of its main export markets point to the possibility of a renewed contraction in the three months through September.

“Higher interest rates will continue to weigh on both consumption and investment and exports may also suffer amid economic weakness in other developed markets,” said Franziska Palmas, an economist at Capital Economics who expects declines in GDP during both the third and fourth quarters.

Should the estimates for growth in other eurozone members be unchanged, the new measure of GDP for Germany suggests the currency area’s economy as a whole contracted slightly in the first quarter. The European Union’s statistics agency currently estimates it grew at an annualised rate of 0.3%, after shrinking by 0.2% in the final quarter of last year.

While that change in measured output would be small, it may have an influence on the ECB’s interest rate decisions over coming months. The ECB’s economists raised their growth forecasts for this and subsequent years in March, partly in response to a picture of the eurozone economy at the turn of the year that now appears overly optimistic.

Wall Street’s hottest trade has gone ice cold.

For years, it paid off to buy stocks that were rising in price—and bet against struggling shares. The momentum trade was especially profitable this year, as investors piled into hot stocks including Micron Technology, Nvidia, Advanced Micro Devices and other artificial-intelligence darlings while wagering against those likely to be hurt by the embrace of AI.

The S&P 500 Momentum Index soared 44% in the second quarter, its best quarterly performance on record, and it surged 133% over the past five years, nearly double the broad market’s performance.

Mega funds and rookie investors alike piled into the trade, some using leverage and options contracts in an effort to amplify their returns, propelling the underlying shares higher.

“It is a self-fulfilling prophecy,” said Matthew Tym, managing director at Cantor Fitzgerald, of the trade.

Suddenly, the trade is a loser. The momentum index has tumbled more than 9% since July 1, lagging behind the S&P 500’s 2.8% gain. The index—which tracks stocks in the S&P 500 based on a “momentum score”—is on track for the biggest quarterly underperformance in 25 years. July was the second-worst month for the momentum trade in around 40 years, according to Bank of America estimates; the only month worse was April 2009, in the teeth of the global financial crisis.

Hedge funds that bought momentum shares while shorting low-momentum stocks suffered even more. At the same time, a basket of the most popular stocks held by hedge funds tracked by Goldman Sachs recorded its biggest one-month underperformance in July relative to the S&P 500 in more than 20 years, according to the bank’s analysts.

Momentum trading is based on a rather simple observation: Investments that go up tend to keep outperforming; those that underperform often remain laggards. This kind of trading might seem too simple a stock-picking strategy to work. Yet it often has.

“For decades, it didn’t take a lot of sophistication to run a momentum strategy and make a decent living at it,” says Agustin Lebron, senior researcher at EquiLibre, a trading firm.

Part of the reason: It takes a while for corporate and other information to spread to various investors, so they slowly build positions, producing buying momentum.

“A huge pension fund can’t flip around its positions in a day,” says Lebron. “Behavioral biases also account for some of the effect, as well—people tend to sell their winners too early and hold losers too long.”

Fans of the strategy point to the human tendency to extrapolate from past results—and chase investment returns—noting that momentum patterns have been evident in markets for decades, even centuries. They also say that some of the worst months for momentum strategies are during longer periods of outperformance.

Some have been doing the trade by buying the strongest investments in a sector while shorting the weakest; others lean in to rising markets or asset classes. Still others use a quantitative approach or turn to banks or others who sell ways to make distinct wagers on momentum as a “tradable factor” or a “thematic basket.”

The fans remain believers. “Any strategy has disappointing periods,” says Antti Ilmanen, global co-head of the portfolio solutions group at AQR Capital Management.

The surge in Moderna and other biotech stocks helped crush the momentum trade. These shares were among the most heavily shorted in recent years, but positive news on a cancer vaccine from Moderna and Merck sent those stocks flying, crushing some quant and other hedge funds. Moderna is up around 150% so far this month.

These traders had an especially rough day on Aug. 19, which Goldman Sachs told its clients was the worst day for “systematic long-short managers” in more than two years. About half of the losses were because of momentum trades, the bank said.

Some traders have begun to short, or bet against, the very stocks that propelled the momentum trade earlier this year. Net short positions in futures tied to the Nasdaq-100 index among speculators recently climbed to some of the highest levels of the past two decades, according to data from the Commodity Futures Trading Commission.

The about-face is a sign of how markets have become more treacherous for investors, even as indexes keep climbing. Part of the issue: the recent meltdown of Situational Awareness, a hedge fund that had piled into some of the most popular momentum shares, including chip stocks. After a period of market tumult, Nvidia shares rocketed almost 9% after its earnings, showing how quickly sentiment can shift.

Some investors say the run-up in share prices driving tech stocks higher reminds them at times of the dot-com frenzy decades ago.

Mike Ogborne, the founder of San Francisco-based Ogborne Capital Management, said he has grown more cautious on technology stocks and is keeping more of his portfolio in cash than he typically does.

And he is nervous about the surge in spending by technology giants and quarterly capital expenditures that keep rising.

“It is a little bit like Cinderella and the clock striking midnight. You don’t know when midnight is going to come around,” Ogborne said. “They don’t send a memo around telling you when the capex cycle is over.”

Germany Enters Recession in Blow to Europe’s Economy

Second straight quarter of contraction in eurozone’s largest economy might prompt greater caution by central bankers

Wall Street’s hottest momentum trade has reversed sharply, as former winners tumble and heavily shorted stocks surge.