The Stunning Collapse of the Premier League’s Most Successful Club
Manchester United’s commercial empire turned the club into a winning machine. Now the club is losing money off the pitch and can hardly win a game on it.
3 min
There was a time in European soccer when Manchester United was known as one of the smartest spenders in the game.
The club’s massive commercial empire allowed it to pay sky-high salaries, outbid rivals for talent, and turn over its squad often enough and cleverly enough to build several different dynasties. The approach was costly, but the club left no doubt that it worked.
These days, United is learning the hard way that losing can be just as expensive.
The crisis at the club runs so deep that it’s taking emergency measures everywhere it can to cut costs, despite record investment. It was less than two years ago that British petrochemicals billionaire Jim Ratcliffe paid $1.3 billion for a 25% stake in United, which he has since increased to 29%, on top of a $300 million injection of cash.
Since then, results have only gone backwards. The club has continued a streak of losing money every year since 2019. The squad is so thin that a sudden rash of injuries has left it desperately short of senior players. And United currently languishes in 14th place in the English Premier League after a 1-1 draw against Arsenal.
A midseason coaching change cost United around $28 million to pull off, according to the club’s accounts. Some $13.5 million went to previous manager Erik ten Hag and his coaching staff in severance, while the cost of bringing in Ruben Amorim and his assistants from Sporting Lisbon hit $14.5 million.
And while money goes out for correcting course on the pitch, the club is trying to find ways to save cash away from it. Last month, United announced around 200 layoffs, beyond the 250 jobs it had already cut in 2024. The club also announced plans to close its staff cafeteria and ended its policy of serving free lunches to non-players at the practice facility.
“This cannot continue,” United CEO Omar Berrada said. “These hard choices are necessary to put the club back on a stable financial footing.”
The quickest way for a club of United’s standing to do that is to qualify for the richest annual event in club soccer, the Champions League. Simply showing up for the tournament this season was worth $20 million, with bonuses paid for each draw or victory. A trip to the quarterfinals adds another $25 million, while the team that wins the whole thing could rake in more than $80 million.
But United is nowhere near a Champions League qualifying berth for next season. Its only path back into the elite would be winning this season’s Europa League, which looks far-fetched—the club is currently tied in its round-of-16 matchup against Spain’s Real Sociedad.
“If you have a football team that is playing well and are winning games then, in a certain way, it’s easier for the fans and for everybody to feel those changes,” head coach Ruben Amorim said of the restructuring at United.
Things have devolved so far that one United supporters’ group is organizing a protest outside Old Trafford ahead of Sunday’s home game against Arsenal, because it believes the club is “slowly dying.”
“For everyone in our club, it is a tough moment,” Amorim said. “People have the right to protest.”
The last time United finished outside the top 10 in England’s top tier was the 1989-90 season. Back then the creaking club was also racked by injuries and lost more games than it won, but stood by its embattled manager while fans clamored for him to be fired. Only a narrow victory in the FA Cup kept him in place. If it’s any consolation to United supporters 35 years later, that manager’s name was Alex Ferguson. He went on to turn Manchester United into one of the most successful clubs of the modern era.
These days, however, the club seems farther away from a revival than ever. The club that prided itself on its relentless goal scoring under Ferguson has netted fewer goals than 14 other teams. It hasn’t won back-to-back games in the Premier League all season. And Amorim has openly questioned the effort of some of his players.
“You can’t be at 99% every day because then you lose games against the teams that are in the Premier League,” United defender Matthijs de Ligt said. “In a lot of games, we haven’t been good enough.”
What United doesn’t seem to know is how to fix it. Amorim has defended the team’s style of play and reshuffled his squad in the hopes that there is enough cash on hand to bring in reinforcements this summer.
“But sometimes it’s a lack of results and you have to win games,” Amorim said. “I know the consequences when you don’t win.”
Write to Joshua Robinson at Joshua.Robinson@wsj.com
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From making unpopular decisions to learning when to listen, leaders from five businesses reveal what nobody prepared them for — and how running a company has challenged their expectations.
Technology and semiconductor shares fell sharply as investors questioned the debt financing the AI infrastructure boom and confronted higher rates and Chinese competition.
Technology and semiconductor shares fell sharply as investors questioned the debt financing the AI infrastructure boom and confronted higher rates and Chinese competition.
4 minA sharp technology sell-off has exposed a new anxiety on global markets: whether the enormous borrowing behind the artificial-intelligence infrastructure boom can generate sufficient returns as interest rates rise and Chinese competition intensifies.
The artificial-intelligence investment boom has powered technology shares, semiconductor manufacturers and data-centre operators to extraordinary heights. Last week, investors were given a reminder that much of this expansion is being built with borrowed money.
The technology-heavy Nasdaq Composite fell 4.5 per cent over the week ended October 16, its weakest performance since late June. Semiconductor shares suffered an even deeper correction, with the Philadelphia Semiconductor Index losing about 11.4 per cent.
The selling spread quickly through global markets. Micron Technology fell 14.6 per cent over the week, while South Korea’s Samsung Electronics and SK Hynix dropped approximately 18 per cent and 24 per cent respectively.
This was more than a routine bout of profit-taking. Investors were reassessing three interconnected risks: higher interest rates, the rapidly expanding debt burden attached to AI infrastructure and the prospect of stronger competition from Chinese memory-chip manufacturers.
The debt behind the AI build-out
Artificial intelligence requires a physical infrastructure network of enormous scale. Data centres must be built, advanced processors purchased, power supplies secured and cooling systems installed before customers begin generating meaningful revenue from them.
Technology companies are increasingly supplementing their own cash with corporate bonds, syndicated loans, equipment leases, private credit and project-level financing.
JPMorgan describes the emerging funding model as a combination of conventional corporate borrowing and project finance tied to individual data-centre assets. In Australia, the Reserve Bank estimates that syndicated loans accounted for approximately three-quarters of data-centre financing during 2025 and 2026 to date.
The numbers are becoming large enough to affect broader credit markets. The Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas has cited Wall Street estimates suggesting AI-related investment-grade bond issuance could approach US$300 billion in 2026 alone.
That borrowing is not automatically problematic. Debt can be an efficient way to finance long-lived infrastructure when future revenue is sufficiently predictable. The concern is that AI technology, customer demand and computing economics are changing much faster than the repayment schedules attached to the assets.
A data centre financed today may carry debt for years. Investors must therefore make assumptions about future utilisation rates, electricity prices, chip performance, customer concentration and the amount businesses will ultimately pay for AI computing.
When interest rates rise, those assumptions become less forgiving.
Inflation changes the calculation
September’s US inflation data intensified the pressure. Consumer prices increased 3.7 per cent over the year, ahead of market expectations and up from 3.4 per cent in August.
The hotter reading reduced confidence that interest rates would fall quickly and pushed bond yields higher. That matters particularly for companies whose valuations depend on profits expected well into the future, as well as highly leveraged infrastructure operators that may need to refinance.
CoreWeave has emerged as a closely watched test case. The specialist cloud-computing company has accumulated substantial debt and lease obligations to build AI capacity, while relying on a concentrated group of large technology customers.
Its shares fell sharply during the sell-off, while the cost of insuring its debt against default climbed. CoreWeave has argued that its contracted backlog more than covers its obligations and that financial markets do not always understand its business model. Nevertheless, its securities have become a proxy for investor confidence in debt-funded AI infrastructure.
Oracle, another major investor in AI computing capacity, fell 8.8 per cent in Friday trading, while CoreWeave dropped 15.5 per cent.
The question is shifting from how much AI infrastructure can be built to how profitably it can be operated.
China adds another source of pressure
Interest rates were not the only catalyst. Reports of advances by Chinese memory-chip producer ChangXin Memory Technologies raised concerns that lower-cost Chinese products could increase competition across the global semiconductor industry.
Memory chips are essential to AI systems, but the industry is historically cyclical. Periods of tight supply and high pricing can encourage rapid investment, eventually producing oversupply and falling margins.
The prospect of a well-funded Chinese competitor expanding its technological capabilities unsettled investors in Samsung, SK Hynix and Micron. It also demonstrated that AI-related demand does not insulate chipmakers from conventional competitive pressures.
That combination—slower rate cuts, more expensive financing and potentially cheaper supply—challenged the assumption that every company exposed to AI would enjoy continually expanding margins.
A reset rather than the end of the boom
The sell-off does not establish that the AI boom is ending. Demand for computing power remains strong, the largest technology companies continue to generate formidable cash flows and many infrastructure projects are backed by long-term customer contracts.
What has changed is the market’s willingness to overlook the price and financing structure of that growth.
The most resilient companies are likely to be those able to fund investment from operating cash flow, secure long-duration customers and demonstrate that new capacity will earn returns comfortably above its financing costs.
More speculative operators may face greater scrutiny, particularly where debt is expensive, customers are concentrated or expected revenue depends on demand that has not yet materialised.
For Australian investors, the lesson extends beyond US technology shares. Local data-centre operators, infrastructure funds, electricity suppliers and property groups are increasingly exposed to the same investment cycle.
Artificial intelligence may remain one of the defining growth themes of the decade. But last week’s correction showed that enthusiasm for the technology does not eliminate financial discipline.
The next stage of the AI boom will be judged not only by computing power, model performance or demand for chips, but by something more traditional: whether the assets being financed can generate enough cash to repay the money borrowed to build them.
Fact box
Nasdaq Composite: Down 4.5 per cent for the week ended October 16, 2026
Philadelphia Semiconductor Index: Down approximately 11.4 per cent
Micron Technology: Down approximately 14.6 per cent
Samsung Electronics: Down approximately 18 per cent
SK Hynix: Down approximately 24 per cent
US September inflation: 3.7 per cent annually
Estimated 2026 AI-related investment-grade issuance: Approximately US$300 billion
Mirzaian is a senior director within CBRE’s Development NSW business, operating across the company’s Western Sydney and North Sydney offices
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