I.M. Pei’s Son Speaks of His Father’s Legacy of Creating ‘Places for People’ Ahead of a Retrospective in Hong Kong
5 min
I.M. Pei was the confident visionary behind such transformative structures as the Bank of China Tower in Hong Kong and the Louvre Pyramid in Paris, but he was also humble, and for years resisted a retrospective of his work.
Pei, a Chinese-American architect who died in 2019 at 102 , would always protest any suggestion of a major exhibition, saying, “why me,” noting, too, that he was still actively at work, recalls his youngest son, Li Chung “Sandi” Pei. A decade ago, when Pei was in his mid-to-late 90s, he relented, finally telling Aric Chen, a curator at the M+ museum in Hong Kong, “all right, if you want to do it, go ahead,” Sandi says.
A sweeping retrospective, “I.M. Pei: Life Is Architecture,” will open June 29 at M+ in the city’s West Kowloon Cultural District. The exhibition of more than 300 objects, including drawings, architectural models, photographs, films, and other archival documents, will feature Pei’s influential structures, but in dialogue with his “social, cultural, and biographical trajectories, showing architecture and life to be inseparable,” the museum said in a news release.
As a Chinese citizen who moved to the U.S. in 1935 to learn architecture, Pei—whose full first name was Ieoh Ming—brought a unique cultural perspective to his work.
“His life is what’s really interesting and separates him from many other architects,” Sandi says. “He brought with him so many sensibilities, cultural connections to China, and yet he was a man of America, the West.”
© South Ho Siu Nam
Pei’s architectural work was significant particularly because of its emphasis on cultural institutions—from the East Building of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., to the Museum of Islamic Art in Doha, Qatar—“buildings that have a major impact in their communities,” Sandi says. But he also did several urban redevelopment projects, including Kips Bay Towers in Manhattan and Society Hill in Philadelphia.
“These are all places for people,” Sandi says. “He believed in the importance of architecture as a way to bring and celebrate life. Whether it was a housing development or museum or a tall building or whatever—he really felt a responsibility to try to bring something to wherever he was working that would uplift people.”
A critical juncture in Pei’s career was 1948, when he was recruited from the Harvard Graduate School of Design (where he received a master’s degree in architecture) by New York real estate developer William Zeckendorf.
With Zeckendorf, Pei traveled across the country, meeting politicians and other “movers and shakers” from Denver and Los Angeles, to Philadelphia, Washington D.C., Boston, and New York. “He became very adept at working in that environment, where you had to know how to persuade people,” Sandi says.
During the seven-year period Pei worked with Zeckendorf, the developer fostered the growth of his architecture practice, supporting an office that included urban, industrial, graphic, and interior designers, in addition to architects and other specialists, Sandi says.
When Pei started his own practice in 1955, “he had this wealth of a firm that could do anything almost anywhere,” Sandi says. “It was an incredible springboard for what became his own practice, which had no parallel in the profession.”
According to Sandi, Chinese culture, traditions, and art were inherent to his father’s life as he grew up, and “he brought that sensibility when he came into America and it always influenced his work.” This largely showed up in the way he thought of architecture as a “play of solids and voids,” or buildings and landscape.
“He always felt that they worked together in tandem—you can’t separate one from the other—and both of them are influenced by the play of light,” Sandi says.
© Naho Kubota
Pei also often said that “architecture follows art,” and was particularly influenced by cubism, an artistic movement exploring time and space that was practiced in the early 20th century by Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, and the sculptor Jacques Lipchitz, among others. This influence is apparent in the laboratory at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo., and at the Everson Museum of Art in Syracuse, N.Y. “Those two buildings, if you look at them, have a play of solid and void, which are very cubistic,” Sandi says.
Yet Sandi argues that his father didn’t have a specific architectural style. Geometry may have been a consistent feature to his work, but his projects always were designed in response to their intended site. The resulting structure emerged as almost inevitable, he says. “It just was the right solution.”
Pei also intended his buildings “not only to be themselves a magnet for life,” but also to influence the area where they existed. “He never felt that a building stood alone,” Sandi says. “Urban design, urban planning, was a very important part of his approach to architecture, always.”
After he closed his own firm to supposedly “retire” in the early 1990s, Pei worked alongside Sandi and his older brother, Chien Chung (Didi) Pei, who died late last year, at PEI Architects, formerly Pei Partnership Architects. Pei would work on his own projects, with their assistance, and would guide his sons, too. The firm had substantial involvement in the Museum of Islamic Art, among other initiatives, for instance, Sandi says.
Working with his father was fun, he says. In starting a project, Pei was often deliberately vague about his intentions. The structure would coalesce “through a process of dialogue and sketches and sometimes just having lunch over a bottle of wine,” Sandi says. “He was able to draw from each of us who was working on the project our best efforts to help to guide [it] to some kind of form.”
The M+ retrospective, which will run through Jan. 5, is divided into six areas of focus, from Pei’s upbringing and education through to his work in real estate and urban redevelopment, art and civic projects, to how he reinterpreted history through design.
Sandi, who will participate in a free public discussion moderated by exhibition co-curator Shirley Surya on the day it opens, is interested “in the opportunity to look at my father anew and to see his work in a different light now that it’s over, his last buildings are complete. You can take a full assessment of his career.”
And, he says, “I’m excited for other people to become familiar with his life.”
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Australian shares fell on Thursday as Wall Street weakness, rising oil and persistent rate concerns weighed on most of the market. The S&P/ASX 200 declined 0.72 per cent to 8,702. The All Ordinaries lost 0.66 per cent to finish at 8,897. Mining stocks were hit particularly hard, while real estate also dragged on the index. …
Continue reading “ASX falls 0.7 per cent as miners and property stocks retreat”
Borrowers cannot control the Reserve Bank, but they can control how exposed their household budget is to its next decision. The RBA meets on 29 September with inflation concerns still elevated and major-bank economists increasingly bringing forward their rate-rise calls. Fixed mortgage rates have also been moving, reducing the value of waiting for perfect certainty. …
Continue reading “What mortgage holders should do before the next RBA decision”
Inflation risks are materialising, prompting the RBA’s fourth rate increase of 2026. Here’s what changed and what Michele Bullock said
5 min
The Reserve Bank of Australia has delivered its fourth interest-rate increase of 2026, lifting the cash-rate target by 25 basis points to 4.60 per cent and warning that further tightening remains possible.
The unanimous decision on 29 September takes the cash rate to its highest level in almost 15 years. More importantly, it confirms that the RBA’s concern has shifted from inflation risks that might materialise to price pressures that are already spreading through the economy.
The increase was widely expected after a series of hawkish comments from senior RBA officials. Financial-market sentiment now remains tilted towards rates staying higher for longer, with some analysts expecting at least one further increase. Yet the decision is not straightforwardly hawkish: the economy is slowing, house prices are falling and household budgets are under mounting pressure. The RBA is tightening because inflation has proved stronger than anticipated, not because the economy is booming.
A significant change in the statement
The clearest change from the RBA’s August statement is the transition from warning about upside risks to declaring that those risks are “materialising”.
In August, the Board left the cash rate at 4.35 per cent to assess the effects of three earlier increases. It said inflation remained too high and acknowledged that the Middle East conflict, elevated energy costs, weak productivity and strong investment related to artificial intelligence could create further price pressure. However, those concerns were still framed principally as risks to the forecast.
The September statement is more definitive. Recent Australian inflation was stronger than the RBA expected, while output growth in the June quarter was also marginally stronger. Businesses consulted through the Bank’s liaison program reported that they were either raising prices or considering doing so. Short-term inflation expectations remained elevated.
The international picture has also deteriorated. The conflict in the Middle East has broadened, oil supplies have suffered further disruption and global energy prices are materially higher than the assumptions used in the RBA’s August forecasts. Higher fuel costs are now being passed through, at least partially, to the prices of other goods and services.
This distinction matters. Central banks generally try to look through a temporary increase in petrol prices because higher interest rates cannot produce more oil or end an overseas conflict. The RBA becomes more likely to act when the original price shock spreads into transport, manufacturing, retail prices, wages and inflation expectations. Its statement suggests that this second-round process has begun.
The RBA also introduced AI-related inflation more prominently into its reasoning. Rapid investment in artificial intelligence is supporting growth among Australia’s major trading partners but is also pushing up demand and prices for technology-related goods. The AI investment boom is therefore playing a double role: cushioning global growth from the Middle East shock while intensifying pressure on prices and scarce resources.
Domestic capacity remains the other half of the inflation story. Australia’s weak productivity growth continues to restrict how quickly the economy can expand without creating price pressure. Business investment and borrowing remain strong, while output has been slightly more resilient than expected. The RBA’s argument is that imported inflation has arrived while the domestic economy still has insufficient spare capacity to absorb it.
Nevertheless, the statement acknowledged considerably more weakness than was evident earlier in the year. Consumer spending is easing, labour-market conditions have softened, house prices have fallen in most capital cities and new housing lending has declined noticeably. The previous three increases appear to be slowing the economy.
That balance makes the decision unusually uncomfortable. The RBA is raising rates into a slowdown because it believes allowing inflation to persist would ultimately demand an even more severe response.
The statement’s final paragraphs also carry a stronger tightening bias than in August. Rather than merely saying rates could rise if required, the Board explicitly committed to doing what was necessary, “including increasing the cash rate target further if needed”. The fact that all nine members supported the increase reinforces the message that the Board saw a clear need to act. RBA monetary policy statement, 29 September 2026
What Bullock said after the decision
At her press conference, Governor Michele Bullock presented the increase as an insurance policy against inflation becoming entrenched rather than the beginning of a predetermined series of rises.
Bullock said the Board considered leaving the cash rate unchanged but ultimately concluded that inflation developments justified another increase. She stopped short of offering forward guidance about the next meeting, saying the RBA would need to observe how all four of this year’s rate increases flowed through the economy.
That caution is important. Monetary policy operates with a lag, so households and businesses have not yet felt the full effect of the earlier increases. Bullock pointed to mortgage payments consuming a growing share of disposable income and the housing downturn as evidence that policy was already restrictive. Whether it is restrictive enough, however, will be determined by subsequent inflation data.
Her core message was that the RBA cannot afford to let Australians become accustomed to inflation of 3 or 4 per cent. If businesses, workers and consumers begin treating that rate as normal, inflation expectations could become embedded in pricing and wage decisions. Reversing that psychology would require a much sharper economic contraction.
Bullock said a recession was not the RBA’s central forecast, but she conceded there were scenarios in which a dramatic slowdown could become necessary if inflation expectations escaped the Bank’s control. “I hope it’s not needed,” she said when asked whether the economy might have to enter recession. ABC News coverage of Bullock’s press conference
She also rejected the idea that the Middle East conflict was solely responsible for the rate increase. The energy shock has intensified the problem, but Australia already faced domestic capacity constraints and inflationary pressure. Interest rates cannot lower global oil prices, but they can weaken demand and make it harder for businesses to pass every cost increase through to customers.
Bullock acknowledged that this mechanism places a disproportionate burden on mortgage holders. She noted that some Australians were taking second jobs to manage higher living costs and debt repayments. Her defence of the decision was that failing to act would eventually produce higher inflation, higher rates and a worse economic outcome.
The mood is now “higher for longer”
Current sentiment is therefore distinctly cautious and hawkish. The September increase was expected, but the unanimous vote and explicit reference to further rises reduce the likelihood of near-term relief for borrowers. Bond-market pricing and some private-sector forecasts point to additional tightening, although the RBA itself has not committed to another move.
The central question is whether four increases—totalling one percentage point this year—will slow domestic demand quickly enough to offset persistent energy, technology and capacity pressures. Falling house prices, weaker lending and softer consumption suggest the policy is working. Stronger inflation and continuing price pass-through suggest it has not yet done enough.
For borrowers, the immediate conclusion is bleak: rate cuts are no longer part of the near-term conversation. The debate is now between holding at 4.60 per cent and raising the cash rate again.
The RBA hopes it can contain inflation without causing a recession. Its latest statement and Bullock’s comments show that it sees a greater danger in doing too little now—and being forced to inflict substantially more damage later.
Advertising legend John Singleton unveils an exclusive 16-residence Caroline Bay development, marking his latest high-end property play on the Central Coast.
The grand harbourside residence combines sweeping Sydney Heads views, resort-style entertaining and refined designer finishes with a reported $36 million price guide.
