The Right Way to Lay Out Your Living Room: The 7 Formulas Interior Designers Rely On

“DESIGNING A ROOM is like putting a puzzle together,” Paul Corrie, an interior designer in Washington, D.C., told me. Despite my having interviewed dozens of design wizards as a journalist, my own suburban Colorado living room remains “unsolved.”

So I reached out to my decorating contacts to see if they could prescribe formulas for living rooms: from optimal rug sizing to how high to hang lights. None of these rules are etched in parquet, but even experienced designers largely stick to them. And they’ll help you (and hopefully me) map out a handsome but homey living room.

1. Keep Your Friends Close

Conversation can sputter fast if your seat is too far from—or discomfitingly near to—your chatmate. The minimum distance between the fronts of seats, says Atlanta designer Vern Yip, is 42 inches. Anything within that “feels like you’re intruding on somebody’s personal space,” said Yip, author of “Design Wise” (Running Press, 2016). The max separation is 120 inches. Any farther and “you no longer feel like you’re in the conversation.”

When laying out seating in a living space, Ellen S. Fisher, vice president for academic affairs and dean of the New York School of Interior Design, often conjures an image of three sides of a square for inspiration. “Why this shape? Because everyone likes a corner seat and to sit at right angles to others when conversing,” she said. Passageways between pieces that will see traffic should be at least 24 to 36 inches wide, says Yip.

2. Serve Up Comfort

My own coffee table is all wrong: a 33-inch wide ellipse of marble that, at just 12 inches tall, means my 6-foot-5-inch husband stoops like a drooping tulip just to pick up his morning tar. Ideally, says Yip, the table surface and seat should be the same height (as should a side table and sofa arm). And place the coffee table no further than 15 inches from the sofa, says Fisher, author of “Home: The Foundations of Enduring Spaces” (Clarkson Potter, 2018). Or even 12 inches, said Fisher. “That might seem too close, but if the table is too far away, a person on the sofa can’t pick up an hors d’oeuvre.” And the table should be one half to two-thirds the length of your settee, “small enough that you can negotiate around it but large enough that people sitting on the ends can still easily access the table,” Yip said.

3. Lower the Lights

You probably know to layer your lighting. An optimal scheme, says Yip, includes recessed, atmospheric and task lighting. But are you aware of ideal placements? Table and floor lamps, for example, should be low enough “so when you’re sitting, the shade doesn’t go above eye-level,” he said. Chandeliers need a minimum of 76 inches from the floor to the lowest point of the light but a maximum of 84 inches. “You see a lot of houses that have double stories—you know, homes in suburbia trying to be mansions—where the poor fixture is hugging the ceiling and doesn’t feel like part of the room,” said Yip. The aim is to have walking space while lending “ambience, atmosphere and scale to the space,” said Yip. Got sconces? Place them on either side of whatever they’re bracketing, be it a painting or mirror, aligned with the centerline.

4. Roll Out a Big Rug

Though I loathe the bland, taupe wall-to-wall carpet we inherited from our home’s previous owners, I have to admit, it creates a boundless horizon and feels dang good underfoot. Conversely, a too-small rug is bound to shrink the room. At minimum, the front feet of the furniture should sit on the rug. Better: all four feet, said Fisher. Yip takes it a step further, often custom-ordering expansive rugs so they extend to within 12 to 18 inches of the “limiting factor” (such as a wall or fireplace hearth).

5. Careful With the Couch

“A 6- to 8-foot long sofa is going to give you the most flexibility in designing a room,” said Corrie. As to the depth of the seat, a person can sit back about 24 inches before he or she starts to recline. Anything deeper calls for throw pillows. As for the overall depth of a sofa, “less than 33 inches starts to feel like a bench seat, and more than 38 inches creates a footprint that will impact everything else,” Corrie said.

6. Aim Higher

I dream of flinging open silk velvet draperies each morning, like a “Downton Abbey” maid. But if I make the splurge, how high should they be hung? “It doesn’t matter if you have thousand-foot-tall ceilings,” Yip said. “Take your drapery as high as you can go,” and don’t stop short of the floor. If you have crown molding, roost your curtain rods just below it. Yes, this costs, but it also makes rooms feel voluminous.

7. Max Out the Viewing

Whether placing a TV, mirror or painting, consider where the observing peepers will be. Hang art so that its center is 60 inches from the floor—“the average human eye level,” said Yip. Televisions, since they’re watched while sitting, can be hung as low as 48 inches floor-to-center. Ideal viewing distance? “Roughly 1½ to 2½ times the diagonal measurement of the screen,” Yip said. For example, a 60-inch screen is best placed 90 to 150 inches from your seats. Any closer and you’ll notice a breakdown in picture quality, says Yip. “Any farther and you won’t feel engaged.”

Most property investors spend considerably more time watching interest rates than bond markets.

That makes sense. The Reserve Bank cash rate has an obvious relationship with mortgage repayments, borrowing capacity and investor sentiment, while government bonds can seem far removed from what someone will pay for an apartment in Sydney or an office building in Melbourne.

But the bond market can provide one of the earliest indications that the price investors are willing to pay for property is changing.

That became evident last Thursday, when Australian shares suffered their worst trading session in months. The S&P/ASX 200 fell almost two per cent, with property among the rate-sensitive sectors caught in the sell-off as government bond yields moved sharply higher.

Australia’s 10-year government bond yield pushed to around 5.4 per cent, close to its highest level in 15 years, against a backdrop of rising global yields and renewed concern about inflation and the direction of interest rates.

For property investors, that matters because the government bond yield is effectively one of the reference prices for money.

An investor buying an Australian government bond is receiving a return while taking comparatively little credit risk. Property comes with tenants, vacancies, maintenance, leasing costs, illiquidity and the possibility that the underlying asset falls in value, so investors generally expect to be compensated for accepting those additional risks.

A property yielding five per cent therefore looks considerably more attractive when a 10-year government bond yields three per cent than when that same bond is yielding more than five per cent.

That does not mean property values automatically fall every time bond yields increase. Rental growth, scarcity, lease structures and the quality of an asset can all outweigh movements in rates, but it changes the return investors require and therefore what they may be prepared to pay.

SG Hiscock & Company made that point in an ASX Investor Update, arguing that real, or inflation-adjusted, bond yields can be particularly relevant to property because real estate is fundamentally a long-duration investment whose value is derived from future income.

The first place investors can often see that repricing is the sharemarket.

A house or commercial building does not have a price that changes every few seconds. An Australian real estate investment trust does.

A-REITs can own billions of dollars of shopping centres, offices, warehouses and other property, but their securities trade continuously on the ASX. When expectations around interest rates and bond yields change, investors can immediately alter what they are willing to pay for those property earnings.

That can create a situation where the value attributed to a portfolio on the sharemarket falls even though the underlying buildings have not changed hands and their independent valuations remain unchanged.

The two markets simply move at different speeds.

Mark Ferguson, Head of Charter Hall Maxim Property Securities, has previously described direct property valuations as lagging the listed market. Writing for Charter Hall during an earlier period of rising interest rates and bond yields, Ferguson noted that listed property was already pricing increases in capitalisation rates and falls in underlying property values before those adjustments had fully emerged in direct-market valuations.

The effect can be substantial.

Consider a commercial property producing $1 million a year in net operating income. At a five per cent capitalisation rate, that income implies a value of $20 million.

If investors subsequently require a 5.5 per cent return while the property’s income remains unchanged, the implied value falls to around $18.18 million. At six per cent, it falls again to roughly $16.67 million.

Nothing necessarily happened to the building. It could have the same tenant paying the same rent under the same lease. What changed was the return required by the person buying it.

That is also why income growth becomes so important.

A well-located property with constrained supply and strong rental growth can increase its earnings quickly enough to absorb some of the pressure from higher required returns. An ageing office building facing vacancies, refurbishment costs and an approaching debt refinancing could instead be hit from several directions at once.

Debt adds another dimension because property is one of the economy’s most capital-intensive asset classes.

Higher market rates can increase the cost of financing an acquisition or refinancing existing debt while simultaneously increasing the return investors expect from the property itself. For developers, the consequences can be even more pronounced because higher construction finance costs can coincide with lower anticipated end values.

If that happens, a project can be squeezed from both directions: it becomes more expensive to deliver at precisely the time investors become less willing to pay yesterday’s price for the finished asset.

The direct property market generally takes longer to reveal that adjustment.

An A-REIT can lose five per cent of its market value in a trading session. An office building may not transact for another year. Owners can reject lower offers, transactions can be withdrawn and valuers must wait for comparable sales to establish new evidence.

That lag is one reason listed property can be useful even for investors who have no intention of buying a REIT.

The same principle eventually extends to residential property, although houses and apartments are generally valued using comparable sales rather than capitalisation rates.

Residential property is particularly sensitive to credit. Higher bond and swap rates can influence bank funding and fixed mortgage pricing, while higher borrowing costs reduce the amount households can service.

If prospective buyers can borrow less, the number of people capable of paying yesterday’s price can shrink. Vendors may initially resist that adjustment, resulting in fewer transactions rather than immediate price falls, before motivated sales eventually establish new comparable values.

For investors, rental growth can provide an important buffer. Rising rents can help offset higher financing costs, just as increasing commercial rents can compensate for some expansion in capitalisation rates. Investors relying primarily on capital growth while accepting a low rental yield have considerably less protection when the cost of money rises.

That is why movements in listed property and bond markets deserve attention beyond the trading floor.

They provide a constantly updating view of how investors are pricing interest rates, debt, future income and property risk, often months before those changes become obvious in direct transactions.

For an A-REIT investor, that means looking at gearing, debt maturity, hedging, interest cover and the discount or premium to net tangible assets rather than simply chasing the highest distribution yield.

For a commercial property investor, it means testing what happens to valuations if capitalisation rates move 25, 50 or 100 basis points higher.

For residential investors, it means understanding mortgage costs, borrowing capacity, realistic rental income and how much of the investment case relies on future capital growth.

The cash rate will continue to attract most of the attention in Australian property. But investors looking for an earlier indication of how the market is repricing risk should also be watching the bond market.

Property prices might take months to respond to a changing financial environment. The price of money moves considerably faster.